SED has proposed a number of novel ideas in this collection that aim to put physics and especially particle physics back on sturdier ground. Its goal is to offer a unified and physically intuitive explanation for the fundamental workings of the universe.

The book sets out to reimagine the foundational structure of the physical world, guided by the belief that clarity, simplicity, and classical reasoning can still lead us to the heart of modern mysteries. Structural Electrodynamics (SED) was proposed not merely as a new model, but as a framework to unify what has for the last fifty years remained fragmented and unclear in physics.

Matter is a Soliton made from Electromagnetic Fields

The primary concept in this book is that every physical thing in the universe and all of its interactions stem from one source and this source is the Electromagnetic Field.

Matter is formed when two gamma ray photons (E-M fields) intersect at 90º and combine, forming a stable 3-D soliton known as a roton (rotating photon). A soliton is a special standing wave of energy endlessly rotating and trapped in space. A roton is the structure that light energy forms when creating particles of matter.

Matter, as revealed through SED, is not a conceived infinitely small point but a dynamic, structured process - a standing wave of electromagnetic fields occupying a volume. The roton is not merely a particle; it is a 3-D dance of energy folding space and compressing it, turning curvature into mass. This is the genesis of matter - not through fragmentation, but by formation.

A modern, concise definition of a particle is that it is the smallest possible vibration of a quantum field. This is exactly what our roton is. One cycle of the E-M field. Matter from light. This forms solitons that are incredibly stable and can exist for billions of years.

Planck’s Constant and The Uncertainty Principle

These two concepts are the pillars supporting many of the ideas presented in the book. Their role is profound. Planck’s constant, h, seems to be glossed over by many physicists today because it is so tiny and to them, insignificant. However for SED it is vital to everything because it is the smallest amount of angular momentum or circular motion that can exist. In fact SED refers to it as the new atom because it exists in everything and can never be divided. All particles (energy and matter) contain one whole unit of h in their structure although in matter this appears as h/2. We saw how this illusion arose due to the structure of the roton and its two loops.

The uncertainty principle pervades much of modern physics ever since its discovery nearly one hundred years ago. It acknowledges the fact that there is an absolute but very small limit to the exact knowledge of any event or thing in time and space. In this regard it is intimately connected to Planck’s constant because this, together with the structure of the roton, set the value of this limit.

Because of the uncertainty principle we found that the components of the nucleus in an atom are able to exist. We call them nucleons, and their structure is slightly different to that of the larger but simpler electron, a lepton.

Nucleons utilise this principle to allow them to create two virtual rotons whereas an electron has only one. They do this because they are so much smaller and energetic.

Charge and Magnetism

Charge and magnetism are so central to basic physics that perhaps we have not needed to consider them in any more detail than what they appear to be. That is, like a tiny point of static electricity and a minute bar magnet, both creating fields in their surrounding space. However SED went much deeper and showed through the structure of the roton that E-M fields create these two properties, not the reverse. The two loops in the roton create the divergence that gives rise to what we call electric charge because the electric field always points the same direction in both loops in matter and the reverse of this for anti-matter. Similarly the two loops each have opposite pointing magnetic fields that create a small magnetic dipole, the basis of magnetism. This behaviour occurs due to the twisting action of the two fields as they spin endlessly and self-generate in the roton.

The Electron

The electron was the first elementary particle to be discovered but its true structure and source of properties has always been unknown. This is because physics currently maintains it has no internal shape or size, and its properties are purely intrinsic. SED asked how can this be? Is it magic?

In contrast we saw how SED claims traditional physics when focused on the structure of the roton produced all the electron’s properties and behaviours without the need for arcane and abstract mathematics. Ideas like the electron’s mass, charge, magnetic moment, spin, size, states and ability to emit and absorb light were all quantitively and qualitatively derived using a simple model that is self-consistent and rational.

Perhaps one day experiments will reveal how the simple structure of the roton creates matter.

What is a Spinor

The following outline has been taken from an article on spinors in Wikipedia. It represents our current understanding.

A spinor is a mathematical object that transforms according to specific rules under rotations, particularly in the context of quantum mechanics. Unlike vectors, which return to their original state after a 360-degree rotation, spinors require a 720-degree rotation to return to their original state, and they transform to their negative after a 360-degree rotation.

Despite this accurate description and its great importance to physics, no model or structural explanation has ever been successfully proposed for what a spinor actually is. Many people mistakenly proposed that a spinor is based on a Möbius strip, but this never worked. It has remained merely an important mathematical concept without a physical representation. Until now.

SED revealed how a spinor and a roton are one and the same thing that now can be structurally comprehended. Each loop in the roton consists of a 360º twist, but there are always two, so that a full 720º twist is needed to return to the starting position. The roton is an elegant, beautiful and simple thing, just like the real particles it models.

The Fine Structure Constant, α, reimagined

The Fine Structure Constant is the most enigmatic and elusive concept in all of physics. Its value is well known but so far we have had no physical meaning or deep comprehension of the significance of what α actually is.

No longer just a mysterious constant, the fine structure constant finds through SED a physical basis as the ratio between inner and outer field structures in the roton. It defines the threshold between internal confinement and external existence, between the motion of light and the perception of mass. SED offered not only a derivation of its value, but a reason for its existence.

The unit-less number that is α stems from the structure of the roton. Made entirely from light, we saw how it is the ratio of the size of the path thickness compared to the overall path length of the light that makes the roton that is the electron. In other words, the classical radius of the electron, rₑ divided by its reduced Compton wavelength, ƛₑ. SED assumes that all rotons forming all types of particles share this ratio.

The Atom: A Structural Harmony

Atoms are the building blocks for the entire universe. They were originally conceived as indivisible but now we know they are compound structures that can be broken down. Atomic structure is now understood to some extent but here SED was able to reveal so much more.

The atom, far from being an opaque abstraction, becomes a layered, structured system of solitons in interaction. Electrons are not orbiting points forming a type of cloud but relatively large dynamic field structures in standing-wave resonance called orbitals or shells by physics and rotons by SED. When in the atom they are much larger than for free electrons due to their reduced overall electrical potential energy when surrounding the nucleus.

Because it is so energy-dense the tiny nucleus contains most of the atom’s mass. We saw how the enormous forces holding it together arose due to fields alone, fields that are nearly 2000 times larger than those in electrons, which makes these forces about 3.4 million times stronger (18362). No wonder the nucleus contains so much power, and we called it the strong force.

For the first time SED revealed how the nucleus actually works and ignored much of what it claims are the false ideas of the standard model. It discards concepts like quarks, isospin, strong and weak forces, gluons, colour charge and the like, replacing them with much simpler and consistent ideas based purely on electromagnetic fields and their interactions.

We furthermore saw that there are two manifestations of charge portrayed by the atom. One inside the tiny nucleus where these forces are so much larger and the other outside where we normally observe it. In these two regions though charge is always the fixed ratio of force to field strength but because nucleons are so much smaller, their fields and consequently their forces are enormous. However in both instances SED insists that charge does not create fields, for fields create charge just as fields create everything.

Redefining Gravity and the Nature of Space

According to both Einstein and SED, gravity is not a real force but is a manifestation of a deeper geometric phenomenon. Einstein furthermore said that matter somehow curves space but was unable to say how and why. He lacked a physical model and only had mathematics to guide him. However SED suggests instead that matter actually compresses space, and gravity is the observable result when a vast amount of matter does this. Using our model of the roton, gravity becomes not a separate interaction but the signature of compacted space and field motion on the very large scale.

Unification of the Four Forces

Physics has long been seeking to unite what it calls the four forces. Now SED claims to have done so. There is only one fundamental force, and it is electromagnetism. The other three are simply special cases of this all-encompassing force.

We saw how SED integrates gravity, the strong force, and the weak interaction into a coherent, field-based system using only electromagnetism.

Through structure alone, SED unifies the four fundamental forces — not by introducing new particles or higher dimensions and other abstract theories, but by proposing that all these forces are direct consequences of how E-M fields self-organize.

Gravity was shown to be not a separate actor on a large stage, but a natural geometric effect of field curvature caused by space compression when matter is made. The roton’s loops are pulled together when light first moves into a curved, 3-D path forming a volume from flat 2-D photons. This effect is minute but can grow quite large when many particles are involved such as with planets, stars and galaxies.

Similarly the strong and weak forces inside the nucleus are merely electromagnetism acting in a way that we had not yet considered. We explored this further in the section on the atom and the nucleus.

Concluding the conclusion

Is this a complete explanation of how the universe has evolved to become what it is today? No, of course not. Too much has happened. But it may be part of its birth. A new insight into creation - when the universe was far hotter, more uniform and simpler than it is today and it consisted only of electromagnetic fields before matter existed. When basic patterns and forms set the framework for the structure of all things and their behaviour.

A movement and change that we can possibly perceive by analysing and applying our model of the roton to the formation of matter and its actions. For the roton is purely an amazing thing, just like the electron and all particles. Trapped electromagnetic fields forming twin loops of light inside a half-hemispherical structure, like half an empty eggshell, with a path thickness to loop diameter ratio exactly equal to α, the fine structure constant. A tiny half bubble endlessly producing mass, charge and magnetism through the twisting action of these fields. But we recall this is no solid thing. Merely the shape of the path light takes on its endless cyclic vibration to exist and generate the properties of matter.

All matter, including the atom and its nucleus, where far smaller rotons swarm with immense strength and power, confined by inertia and gigantic attractive forces into a space we can barely imagine because it is so energetic and dynamic. Where a fierce battle rages between electromagnetic and kinetic energy that never has a winner. Surrounding this dense region are the relatively giant rotons of electrons, similar but comparatively slow-moving standing-wave structures of fields held in the atom by their opposite charge in the nucleus. That is charge as we normally know it, acting over a larger distance and with a much weaker attraction than nucleons exhibit with each other inside the nucleus.

E-M fields contain the energy that makes everything. This energy is directly related to the frequency of their vibration. As their frequency rises their strength increases in a squared relationship because of the Magnetic Flux Constant. All rotons contain an area within which these fields manifest according to this constant. Doubling their frequency means four times the field strength and a smaller, tighter curl in their structure, making more mass and inertia in a smaller particle. Other than energy and change these fields need nothing more than themselves to operate, just as Maxwell’s equations so elegantly confirm. The roton’s structure is the physical epitome of these laws.

A soliton made from a single cycle of the E-M field creates each fundamental particle and fundamental particles form atoms that build our universe. During their creation rotons tighten and compress space by giving light a third dimension to move in, but this compaction is incredibly weak. However, with enough of them together they distort space sufficiently to establish a very small yet apparent attraction between large, massive objects. We call this action gravity and mistakenly consider it a force. However, it is purely a geometric phenomenon that is only portrayed on the large scale when space is substantially compressed overall. When we stand on the earth, we appear to be held by it because the space that we and it occupy is less than what would be here if the earth no longer existed. We are mutually drawn together into the reduced space. Like two separated spiders pulled together by each contracting their legs in the same web. Furthermore, it is always an attraction, never a repulsion, like all real forces must be.

Finally we now need to ask: what then is the origin of everything?

It is light. Light made from E-M fields.

Super high energy light makes matter, the rest is for us; To see, to use, to share and to live with. Even to feel and think. All is light. All is from light.

This is the essence of physics. Matter and Energy. How they interact together.

And now we see they are one.